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Image

Description

Lake Terrell upland 3D (127941 bytes)

 3D perspective of the Lake Terrell upland, western margin of the Fraser Lowland in Washington State. (Kovanen and Slaymaker, 2003) 

Whidbey Island from LiDAR data (58663 bytes)

(A) Map of northwestern Washington showing extent and thickness (m) of the Puget Lobe during the Vashon maximum of the last glaciation (Fraser Glaciation). (B) Shaded digital topographic model of Whidbey and Camano Islands from LiDAR data. White-centered dots indicate the location of raised shoreline sequences and the corresponding number is the approximate highest local marine limit (m). Arrows indicate the inferred ice-flow direction and “d” indicates the location of raised deltas. WI – Whidbey Island; CI – Camano Island; DP – Deception Pass; SP – Strawberry Point; PP – Partridge Point; BP – Bush Point; DB – Double Bluff. Whidbey Island is ca. 60 km long and 2–16 km wide, with elevation up to ca. 150 m above sea-level (from Kovanen, 2003).

 

[We thank the Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium for providing the LiDAR data and kind assistance.]

Raised shoreline sequenc, Camano Island (247819 bytes)

3D perspective from lidar data of a bay on Camano Island, northern Puget Sound showing a raised shoreline sequence (from Kovanen, 2003; Kovanen and Slaymaker, in press).

 

Large-scale glacial features, Okanogan Lobe, Cordilleran Ice Sheet (944071 bytes)

 Glacial imprints of the Okanogan Lobe, southern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The distribution of glacial deposits and exposed bedrock on the Waterville Plateau is shown on a shaded digital topographic model. Scale: ~1:280,000 [pdf  22.3 MB]. (Kovanen and Slaymaker, 2004) 

Reconstructed ice surface, Okanogan Lobe (188824 bytes)

 Reconstructed ice-surface in the terminal area of the Okanogan Lobe. Moraines (heavy lines) and ice-flow indicators. Flowlines are reconstructed from ice-flow indicators (drumlins). Formlines drawn at right angles to flowlines. The configuration of the ice margin during retreat is shown by the many morainal segments. The dashed line is the initial ice-surface contour (1000 m contour) taken from Waitt and Thorson (1983). (Kovanen and Slaymaker, 2004) 

Rooted fossil stump#1 (182609 bytes)

Rooted fossil stump#2 (209985 bytes)

 Fossil tree stumps still rooted in original material. The trees are well preserved and buried by stony mud sediments  located in the Fraser Lowland of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. The trees are up to 11,750 ± 80 14C yr BP old and were probably killed quickly by rising water levels as the earth's crust subsided during a readvance of Cordilleran remnant ice (Kovanen 2002; Kovanen and Easterbrook, 2002). 

Reconstruction of the Puget Lobe (470674 bytes)

 Reconstruction of the Puget Lobe, Cordilleran Ice Sheet, at the Vashon (late Wisconsin) maximum.  Arrows are ice-flow direction s from drumlin topography on Vashon Drift (data from Easterbrook, 1979). (D.J. Kovanen)

Reconstructed Deming Glacier history (429826 bytes)

Simplified history of the Deming Glacier , Mt. Baker, Washington (a) Moraine location and ages. (b) Reconstructed paleo- Deming Glacier during the Younger Dryas interval. Other glaciers shown are approximate present-day limits. Pre-13th to 20th century moraines are modified from Fuller (1980) and Harper (1992). White-dashed line (in a) represents the maximum ice extent during probably the a Younger Dryas. Contour interval is 100 m.  (Kovanen and Slaymaker, 2003, in press)

Moraine of the Easton Glacier, Mt. Baker Washington (59045 bytes)

 In the middle foreground is a moraine of the Easton Glacier descending the southwest flank of Mt. Baker, Washington. View is looking toward the west with the Twin Sisters Range in the background. (D.J. Kovanen)
3Dsumas.jpg (125368 bytes)

Fraser_Lowland.jpg (662442 bytes)

Shaded 3D topographic model of a portion of the Fraser Lowland, looking northeast.  Lines represent the approximate ice-marginal positions of remnant Cordilleran ice during the Sumas (SI, SII, SIII, SIV) interval between ~11,600–10,000 14C yr B.P. The black dots show the location of radiocarbon dates (70 dates; 24 on marine shells, 46 on wood and peat) associated with moraines, outwash surfaces and channels, lakes, and stratigraphic sections. White-filled features are abandoned meltwater channels and the raised Campbell River delta (refer to Kovanen, 2002; Kovanen and Easterbrook, 2003).

 

 

Shaded topographic model of the Fraser Lowland, southwestern British Columbia, Canada and northwestern Washington State, United States. (D.J. Kovanen)

 

 
   
  More to come in the future... 
Contact me if you have questions regarding the use, construction, and/or interpretations associated with these images. 

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   Last Update: November 2003
©copyright 2003
D. Kovanen